Minggu, 18 Februari 2018

Fenomena Jamur Bercahaya Yang Belum Terpecahkan

Lebih dari 2.000 tahun silam Aristoteles, filsuf Yunani kuno, sudah dibuat bingung soal jamur bisa bercahaya. Namun riset terbaru menyebutkan jamur-jamur itu mengeluarkan cahaya untuk menarik perhatian serangga, seperti kumbang, lalat, tawon, dan semut.

Jamur membutuhkan serangga-serangga itu untuk menyebarkan spora mereka. Laporan riset tentang jamur bercahaya itu dimuat dalam jurnal Cell Press Current Biology. Terungkap pula bahwa jamur memancarkan pendarnya berdasarkan siklus sirkadian.

"Tampaknya jamur mengeluarkan cahaya supaya serangga datang dan membantu menyebarkan koloni jamur ke tempat baru," kata Cassius Stevani, peneliti dari Instituto de QuĂ­mica-Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil.

Ada banyak organisme di bumi yang mampu memproduksi cahaya sendiri, misalnya kunang-kunang dan ubur-ubur. Namun penjelasan mengapa jamur bisa bersinar masih sangat sedikit. Lebih dari 100 ribu spesies jamur sudah terekam dalam data ilmiah. Namun hanya 71 jenis yang bisa menghasilkan cahaya hijau.


Cahaya-cahaya itu merupakan produk dari proses biokimia yang membutuhkan oksigen dan energi. Sebagian besar jamur bisa bercahaya sepanjang hari sehingga para peneliti menduga pendar hijau tersebut adalah hasil sampingan proses metabolisme.

Spesies Neonothopanus gardneri adalah jamur bercahaya yang terbesar. Warga Brasil menyebutnya flor de coco atau bunga kelapa karena jamur itu kebanyakan tumbuh menempel di bagian bawah pohon kelapa muda. Cahaya yang dipancarkan jamur itu dipengaruhi oleh perubahan temperatur lingkungan.

Dalam risetnya, para peneliti membuat tiruan jamur dari akrilik berisi lampu light emitting diode (LED) berwarna hijau dan ditempatkan di sebelah jamur biasa. Ternyata jamur tiruan yang menyala sepanjang hari lebih banyak menarik kumbang, lalat, tawon, semut, ketimbang jamur asli yang tampak gelap.

Jay Dunlap, peneliti dari Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, mengatakan para ilmuwan berusaha mengidentifikasi gen yang membuat jamur bercahaya. Mereka juga masih meneliti bagaimana siklus sirkadian bisa mempengaruhi jamur.

Menurut Dunlap, jamur-jamur seperti N. Gardneri berperan besar dalam ekosistem hutan. "Tanpa mereka, selulosa pohon sulit terurai dan hal ini bisa mempengaruhi siklus karbon di bumi," katanya. "Kehidupan di bumi justru bergantung pada organisme seperti ini."

Sumber: https://tekno.tempo.co/read/742368/misteri-jamur-bercahaya-ini-bikin-filsuf-bingung

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